What is InVEST?InVEST is a suite of free, open-source software models used to map and value the goods and services from nature that sustain and fulfill human life. If properly managed, ecosystems yield a flow of services that are vital to humanity, including the production of goods (e.g., food), life-support processes (e.g., water purification), and life-fulfilling conditions (e.g., beauty, opportunities for recreation), and the conservation of options (e.g., genetic diversity for future use). Despite its importance, this natural capital is poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and, in many cases, undergoing rapid degradation and depletion.Governments, non-profits, international lending institutions, and corporations all manage natural resources for multiple uses and inevitably must evaluate tradeoffs among them. The multi-service, modular design of InVEST provides an effective tool for balancing the environmental and economic goals of these diverse entities.InVEST enables decision makers to assess quantified tradeoffs associated with alternative management choices and to identify areas where investment in natural capital can enhance human development and conservation. The toolset currently includes eighteen distinct ecosystem service models designed for terrestrial, freshwater, marine, and coastal ecosystems, as well as a number of “helper tools” to assist with locating and processing input data and with understanding and visualizing outputs. How it worksInVEST models are spatially-explicit, using maps as information sources and producing maps as outputs.

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InVEST returns results in either biophysical terms (e.g., tons of carbon sequestered) or economic terms (e.g., net present value of that sequestered carbon).The spatial resolution of analyses is also flexible, allowing users to address questions at local, regional, or global scales.InVEST models are based on production functions that define how changes in an ecosystem’s structure and function are likely to affect the flows and values of ecosystem services across a land- or a seascape. The models account for both service supply (e.g., living habitats as buffers for storm waves) and the location and activities of people who benefit from services (e.g., location of people and infrastructure potentially affected by coastal storms).InVEST models can be run independently, or as script tools in the ArcGIS ArcToolBox environment. You will need a mapping software such as QGIS or ArcGIS to view your results.

Running InVEST effectively does not require knowledge of Python programming, but it does require basic to intermediate skills in GIS software.The tool is modular in the sense that you do not have to model all the ecosystem services listed, but rather can select only those of interest. InVEST put our team of meteorologists, hydrologists, and ecologists on the fast track to start mapping and quantifying ES in watersheds of Patagonia.

If in search of ecosystem modeling tools you bump into InVEST, you are up for a surprise. It will open for you the door to NatCap, a most exciting project conducted by a unique blend of people and organizations, from academics to practitioners. With human-well being and green solutions as guiding principles, NatCap is developing views and tools that are shaping the future of conservation science and practice.Miguel PascualThe National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina.

The InVEST Carbon Storage and Sequestration model estimates the current amount of carbon stored in a landscape and values the amount of sequestered carbon over time. First it aggregates the biophysical amount of carbon stored in four carbon pools (aboveground living biomass, belowground living biomass, soil, and dead organic matter) based on land use/land cover (LULC) maps provided by users. A fifth optional pool represents carbon stored in harvested wood products, such as firewood, charcoal, or long-lived timber products.

If the user provides a future LULC map, the carbon sequestration component of the model estimates expected change in carbon stocks over time. This portion of the model values the amount of carbon sequestered as an environmental service using additional data on the market value or social cost of carbon, its annual rate of change, and a discount rate. With optional inputs on probability distributions of carbon amount in different pools, the model can perform uncertainty analysis providing standard deviations for carbon estimates and a map showing where sequestration or emissions will occur with confidence. The carbon model can also optionally perform scenario analysis according to the Reducing Emissions from Forest Degradation and Deforestation (REDD) and REDD+ frameworks.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in.

Coastal vegetation and wetland habitats can remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to regulate the Earth’s climate. Coastal marine plants, such as mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes, not only store carbon, but they also continually accumulate carbon in their biomass and sediments, creating long term carbon reservoirs. By analyzing changes in carbon storage over time and comparing this across alternative management scenarios, the InVEST Blue Carbon model quantifies the value of carbon storage and sequestration services provided by coastal ecosystems. This model is one of the first coastal blue carbon tools where users can provide spatially-explicit information on disturbances to vegetation caused by climate change (e.g., sea level rise) and human activities (e.g., draining of a wetland or shoreline hardening). The Blue Carbon model can also be used to value avoided emissions and identify where on the land or seascape there are net gains or losses in carbon over time.User’s guide:Key references:. Guannel et al. White paper: Changes in the delivery of ecosystem services in Galveston Bay, Texas, under a sea-level rise scenario.Find other information about our work on this model in.

The InVEST Fisheries Production model produces estimates of harvest volume and economic value of single-species fisheries. The model is an age- or stage-structured population model, and is presented as a generic model that can be adapted to most species and geographies.

Inputs to the model include parameters for life history characteristics (e.g., age at maturity, recruitment, migration and natural mortality rates), behavior of the fishery (e.g., fishing pressure), habitat dependencies (e.g., importance and availability of nursery habitat), and, optionally, economic valuation (e.g., price per unit biomass). The model outputs the volume and economic value of harvest within the area(s) designated by the user. It is best to compare outputs from multiple runs of the model, where each run represents different scenarios of habitat extent, environmental conditions and/or fishing pressure. A library of four sample models is provided, which the user can adapt to their own species or region, or the user can choose to build a model from scratch.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Habitat Quality model uses habitat quality and rarity as proxies to represent the biodiversity of a landscape, estimating the extent of habitat and vegetation types across a landscape, and their state of degradation.

The model combines maps of land use land cover (LULC) with data on threats to habitats and habitat response. Modeling habitat quality alongside ecosystem services enables users to compare spatial patterns and identify areas where conservation will most benefit natural systems and protect threatened species. This model does not attempt to place a monetary value on biodiversity.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Habitat Risk Assessment model evaluates risks posed to coastal and marine habitats in terms of exposure to human activities and the habitat-specific consequence of that exposure for delivery of ecosystem services. The model can be employed to screen habitat risks under current and future scenarios of use, helping inform management strategies to minimize the impairment of habitat quality and function. More broadly, the model enables users to visualize areas on the seascape where the impacts of climate change and anthropogenic pressures may create tradeoffs among multiple ecosystem services.User’s guide: references:.Find other information about our work on this model in.

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The InVEST Managed Timber Production Model estimates the net present value of legal timber harvests over user-defined time intervals. Based on timber harvest rate, market prices, extraction and management costs, and a discount rate, the model calculates the economic value of timber in user-defined management zones. This information serves timber companies, governments, and communities in exploring the benefit of timber production and its tradeoff with other forest ecosystem services.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Marine Fish Aquaculture model estimates the weight and economic value of Atlantic salmon grown in netpen aquaculture facilities. Using data on farming practices, water conditions and existing economic markets, the model calculates the weight of harvested fish and the net revenue per cycle for each farm that is specified by users.

The model also yields a map of the total harvested weight of aquacultured salmon, total net revenue, and net present value over a time period of interest.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Offshore Wind Energy model measures the electricity generation potential of wind over ocean and large lake surfaces. For a chosen region, the model estimates expected wind power and harvested energy, and calculates the levelized cost of energy and the net present value of constructing and operating a wind energy facility. Spatially explicit outputs equip users to evaluate siting wave energy facilities to optimize energy production and value in conjunction with other ocean uses.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. Recreation and tourism are important components of many national and local economies and they contribute in innumerable ways to physical wellbeing, learning, and quality of life.

To quantify the value of natural environments, the InVEST recreation model predicts the spread of person-days of recreation, based on the locations of natural habitats and other features that factor into people’s decisions about where to recreate. In the absence of empirical data on visitation, we parameterize the model using a proxy for visitation: geotagged photographs posted to the website flickr. Using photographs, the model predicts how future changes to natural features will alter visitation rates and outputs maps showing current and future patterns of recreational use.User’s guide:Key references:. Keeler et al. 2015 (Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment) Recreational demand for clean water: evidence from geotagged photographs by visitors to lakes.Find other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Reservoir Hydropower Production model (also known as the “Water Yield model”) estimates the annual average quantity of water produced by a watershed. The economic model then estimates the value of the water yield for reservoir hydropower production.

It calculates the relative contribution of each land parcel to annual average water yield and production of hydropower, values this contribution in terms of energy production, and calculates the net present value of hydropower production over the life of the reservoir. Spatially-explicit outputs of relative water yields can identify areas contributing the most to hydropower value and inform how changes in the landscape will alter that contribution.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Scenic Quality model assesses the visual quality of a landscape based on sited or planned features that impact visual quality.

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The model allows you to value scenic quality in a variety of ways, such as the number of “viewer days” per year or the monetary value of a change in scenic quality using valuation functions from peer-reviewed literature. With these features, the tool can produce sophisticated impact assessments.

If you have a research question about where to site a feature that impacts scenic quality, the tool can pull in information about where people are on a landscape to assess what they can see across the landscape to determine the optimal siting location. This open source tool was designed to be flexible but powerful to answer a wide array of questions for any landscape.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in.

The InVEST Sediment Retention model estimates the capacity of a land parcel to retain sediment by using information on geomorphology, climate, vegetative coverage and management practices. A land parcel’s estimated soil loss and sediment transport informs the service step of the InVEST model, which produces outputs in terms of avoided sedimentation. The model can also value the landscape in terms of water quality maintenance or avoided reservoir sedimentation, and determines how land use changes may impact the cost of sediment removal.User’s guide:Key References:. Terrado et al.

2014 (Ecological Indicators) Impact of climate extremes on hydrological ecosystem services in heavily humanized Mediterranean basinFind other information about our work on this model in. The InVEST Wave Energy model measures and values the electricity generation potential of ocean waves.

For each specified region, the model estimates expected wave power and harvested energy, and calculates the net present value of constructing and operating a wave energy conversion facility. Spatially explicit outputs equip users to evaluate tradeoffs when siting wave energy facilities to optimize energy production and value throughout their lifespans.User’s guide:Key references:.Find other information about our work on this model in. Urban InVEST:Designing resilient cities by natureIn a rapidly urbanizing world, the design of cities will determine the health and wellbeing of billions of people.

Although cities are highly engineered places, incorporating nature into urban design can yield large benefits. Urban InVEST provides tools to show how incorporating the value of nature into urban design can deliver better outcomes for people and the planet.The PlatformWe are creating a data and modeling platform called Urban InVEST that provides information and analytics to developers, lenders, municipal governments, consultants and advocacy groups.

Urban InVEST features spatially explicit biophysical and socio-economic models that enable users to quantify and map the impacts of alternative urban designs on multiple urban ecosystem services (e.g. Urban water management, heat island mitigation, mental health benefits), showing the benefits and costs to communities by socioeconomic status and vulnerability.Building on SuccessUrban InVEST builds on the Natural Capital Project’s existing free and open-source Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) platform. InVEST is the result of a 11-year partnership between Stanford University, the University of Minnesota, the Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund working together with local and international organizations. InVEST is used in planning by governments worldwide, with active users in over 80 countries.The DemandThe demand for Urban InVEST is high and growing rapidly, motivated by an urgent need to mitigate risks from climate change, pollution, and unplanned development. Cities are looking to nature-based solutions to address these challenges, but leaders lack tools and approaches that integrate urban ecosystem services in city design and spatial planning.

The demand for Urban-InVEST is coming from:. city leaders interested in evaluating alternative urban growth scenarios. advocates for greater investments in parks and open space. municipal governments seeking to plan green infrastructure and its co-benefits. multi-lateral development banks interested in making more strategic and resilient loansEarly developmentWe are partnering with municipal governments and city leaders across the United States and in Asia-Pacific to co-develop Urban-InVEST. Scenario GeneratorWhen translating policy to planning, it is often important to take guidelines (or “storylines”) and examine how they might play out across space.

The Scenario Generator offers a relatively simple method of generating scenarios based on user-defined principles of where land changes could occur and the possible extent of these changes. It can be used to create alternate futures, the likely outcomes of which can be compared using InVEST. It is downloaded within InVEST, but can be used to generate potential future landscapes without running any additional InVEST models. Read its userʼs guide.